The history of landscape architecture began when humanity transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to a settled existence. Tied to the land and adopting agriculture as a means of sustenance, people created the first examples of gardens. This history, dating back approximately 11,000 years, left distinct marks in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome.
Landscape Architecture in Mesopotamia: The most magnificent gardens of Mesopotamia were built during the Babylonian era. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, located at the Royal Palace, were constructed on a series of terraces supported by irrigation systems and stone balconies. These gardens are recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, showcasing extraordinary engineering and aesthetics.
Landscape Architecture in Egypt: Egyptian gardens were immortalized in papyrus and wall paintings. Temple and palace gardens featured vast pools supplied by the Nile River, along with palm, fig, and acacia trees. These pools were designed to serve both irrigation and royal leisure activities.
Renaissance Landscape Architecture: Renaissance gardens were placed on elevated locations to harmonize with buildings. Plants such as cypress, boxwood, and pine were pruned into geometric shapes or animal figures, reflecting the era's focus on symmetry and artistry.
Baroque Landscape Architecture: The Baroque period’s Versailles Gardens emphasized grandeur and infinity through formal designs. The gardens featured expansive spaces with fountains, sculptures, and meticulously aligned pathways.
Landscape Architecture in Iran: The concept of paradise gardens emerged in Iran’s arid landscapes, representing the desire for shade, water, and greenery. Cypress trees symbolized solitude, while fragrant jasmine flowers evoked heavenly imagery. Islamic garden design spread to Europe through Andalusian influences during the 9th to 13th centuries.
Far Eastern Landscape Architecture: Chinese and Japanese gardens mimic miniature versions of nature with ponds, bridges, and secluded designs. Key elements of Japanese gardens include pagodas, stone lanterns, and stepping stones, creating a harmonious balance between man and nature.
Roman Landscape Architecture: Roman gardens symbolized the empire's power through marble statues, fountains, and symmetrical layouts. The integration of stone and water elements defined the unique aesthetics of Roman gardens.
Over time, landscape architecture evolved into a recognized profession. Pioneers such as Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux played a significant role in urban planning. In 1899, the American Society of Landscape Architects was established as the first professional organization. In Turkey, Cem Botanik introduced modern approaches to garden design in 1974, reflecting contemporary aesthetics and innovation.
